Bioscience formulae

Bioscience formulae-

1.VP=VG+VE+VGE

2. Crossover value by the square root of the number of individuals (.\/N)

3.Chi-Square Formula-

Degrees of freedom (df) = n-1 where n is the number of 

4.No. of different genotypes-n(n+1)/2,3^n

5.No. of different gametes and phenotype - 2ⁿ

^{6.Recessive homozygous in F2 =1/(}2ⁿ⁾²

7.Frequency of recombination-no.of recombinant/Total no. of progeny*100

8.Map distance - No. of recombinant offspring/Total no. of offspring*100

9.Distance betwen 2 genes- No. of single CO+ No. of DCO/Total no. of progeny *100

10.Coincidence- (observed DCO/ expected DCO)

11.Interference=1-(observed DCO/ expected DCO)

12.In tetrad analysis-

a.Map distance= 1/2*No. of SDS asci  / Total no. of asci *100
b.Recombination frequency-NPD+1/2 TT / Total no. of tetrads *100

13.No.of F2 progeny expressing either extreme phenotype- 1/ 4^n

14.Inbredding coefficient= 2pq-H/2pq( population genetics)

15.Ne= 4NmNf /Nm+Nf( Effective population size)

 Nm= no.of male Nf= no. of female

16.dC/dt= -kC^2    dC/dt=rate of renaturation
   
     C0t1/2 = 1/k 

17.p  ( buoyant density )
=1.660 +0.00098 (% GC)g/cm<sup>3 

18.Packaging ratio of DNA= Extended length of DNA/ Packing length</sup>

19.Dna replication time= base pairs/ no. of bases per sec

20. Size of fragments = 4^n  ,where n= no. of base pairs

21.Time since divergence of two species is given by
(100 - X% sequence similarity) / (% change / years).

22.pH = -log[H⁺] or pH = -log[H₃O⁺]

23. K_w = 1.0 x 10^-14 =  [H₃O⁺] [OH^-]  

24.Viability of cryopreserved cells -


25.Determining the no. of genes=1/4 ^n

26.Nt=No+B+I-D-E     I=Immigration  B=Natality rate   D= Mortality rate 

(change in population size at a given time interval t)




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