Saturday, 10 September 2016

LINES & SINES

LINES- (long interspersed nuclear element  )  Autonomous transposons these are foreign sequences that has been inserted into the chromosome. Comprises 21% of the human genome.These L1 elements are DNA sequences that range in length from a few hundred to as many as 9,000 base pairs.
  • The functional L1 elements are about 6,500 bp in length and encode three proteins, including
    • an endonuclease that cuts DNA and a
    • reverse transcriptase that makes a DNA copy of an RNA transcript.
  • Active L1  element is about 6kb long and consists of 2 ORFs ( ORF1 &ORF2), 5' UTR ( untranslated region) ,3' UTR contains poly A signal.
  • ORF1 binds to L1 m-RNA , ORF2 contains reverse transcription activity  and endonuclease domain .
5'UTR---------------O---------------------------------3' AAAAAAA ( m-RNA )

                             ORF1                    ORF2

SINEs- ( short  interspersed nuclear element )Non -autonomous                
 DNA sequences (100–400 base pairs) that represent reverse-transcribed RNA molecules originally transcribed by RNA polymerase III.The most abundant SINEs are the Alu elements. There are over one million copies in the human genome (representing 9% of our total DNA).
Alu elements consist of a sequence averaging 260 base pairs that contains a site that is recognized by the restriction enzyme AluI. 


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