Cybrids -  It is also called as cytoplasmic hybrid.  It consist of 2 protoplast one is donor and other is recipient the nuclear cont...

S1 nuclease mapping -      S1 nuclease is an endonuclease which is   specific for hydrolyzing single-stranded RNA or DNA molecules. (...

(Melting temp.-Tm) The temp. at which half the strands of DNA are single stranded and half are double stranded. Half of the DNA are ...

Blue white screening -  Foriegn  DNA  and plasmid Dna are cut with restriction enzyme. Plasmid has gene for lactose hydrolysis lac z gene w...

Linkers - Short stretches of dsDNA of known  nucloetide sequence (length 8-14 bp )and have a recognition site for 3-8 restriction enzymes. ...

Bioscience formulae- 1.V P =V G +V E +V GE 2. Crossover value by the square root of the number of individuals (.\/N) 3. Chi-Square Fo...

Pleiotrophy -  One gene have the ability to produce two or more unrelated phenotypic traits.  An example is   phenylketonuria . The dise...

Flow cytometry - It is used to measure the number of cells from a suspension of heterogenous population. It c an analyze and sort particles...

Promiscuous dna - Endosymbiotic transfer of DNA from cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondia and chloroplast) to the nucleus.    It is supposed...

1. Flippase(P-type ATpase ) - Transporters that move lipids to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane are commonly called “flippases.  It  us...

Lipid rafts -  The plasma membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer  inserted various proteins(transmembrane ion-channel and transporter prot...

Cloning: (Dolly)   Definition - Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies.  Every single bit of DNA is identical. It can h...

1 .   If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population would you predict would ...

Hardy Weinberg law or Equilibrium by G. H. Hardy (a mathematician) and Wilhelm Weinberg (a physician).   “The relative frequencies of ge...